一、什么是减速器
减速器是一种动力传达机构，利用齿轮的速度转换器，将马达的回转数减速到所要的回转数，并得到较大转矩的机构。
1、减速器的作用
    1）降速同时提高输出扭矩，扭矩输出比例按电机输出乘减速比，但要注意不能超出减速器额定扭矩。
    2） 减速同時降低了负载的惯量，惯量的减少为减速比的平方。大家可以看一下一般电机都有一个惯量数值。
2、减速器的种类
    一般的减速器有斜齿轮减速器(包括平行轴斜齿轮减速器、蜗轮减速器、锥齿轮减速器等等)、行星齿轮减速器、摆线针轮减速器、蜗轮蜗杆减速器、行星摩擦式机械无级变速机等等。
3、常见减速器
    1） 蜗轮蜗杆减速器的主要特点是具有反向自锁功能，可以有较大的减速比，输入轴和输出轴不在同一轴线上，也不在同一平面上。但是一般体积较大，传动效率不高，精度不高。
    2） 谐波减速器的谐波传动是利用柔性元件可控的弹性变形来传递运动和动力的，体积不大、精度很高，但缺点是柔轮寿命有限、不耐冲击，刚性与金属件相比较差。输入转速不能太高。
    3） 行星减速器其优点是结构比较紧凑，回程间隙小、精度较高，使用寿命很长，额定输出扭矩可以做的很大。但价格略贵一、对装配前零件的要求 ：
1.滚动轴承用汽油清洗，其他零件用煤油清洗。所有零件和箱体内不许有任何杂质存在　。箱体内壁和齿轮（蜗轮）等未加工表面先后涂两次不被机油侵蚀的耐油漆，箱体外表　面先后涂底漆和颜色油漆（按主机要求配色）。
2.零件配合面洗净后涂以润滑油
二、安装和调整的要求　
    1.滚动轴承的安装滚动轴承安装时轴承内圈应紧贴轴肩，要求缝隙不得通过0.05mm 厚的塞尺。
2.轴承轴向游隙对游隙不可调整的轴承（如深沟球轴承），其轴向游隙为0.25~0.4mm；对游隙可调整的轴承轴向游隙数值见表。点击查看圆锥滚子轴承轴向游隙；角接触球轴承轴向游隙　
    3.齿轮（蜗轮）啮合的齿侧间隙可用塞尺或压铅法。即将铅丝放在齿槽上，然后转动齿轮而压扁铅丝，测量两齿侧被压扁铅丝厚度之和即为齿侧的大小。　
    4.齿面接触斑点圆柱齿轮齿面接触斑点2-10-4；圆锥齿轮齿面接触斑点2-11-4；蜗杆传动接触斑点2-12-4
三、密封要求　
    1.箱体剖分面之间不允许填任何垫片，但可以涂密封胶或水玻璃以保证密封；　
    2.装配时，在拧紧箱体螺栓前，应使用0.05mm的塞尺检查箱盖和箱座结合面之间的密封性；　
    3.轴伸密封处应涂以润滑脂。各密封装置应严格按要求安装
四、润滑要求　
    1.合理确定润滑油和润滑脂类型和牌号　
    2.轴承脂润滑时，润滑脂的填充量一般为可加脂空间的1/2~2/3。　
    3.润滑油应定期更换，新减速器第一次使用时，运转7~14天后换油，以后可以根据情况每隔3~6个月换一次油。
五、试验要求　
    1.空载运转：在额定转速下正、反运转1~2小时；　
    2.负荷试验：在额定转速、额定负荷下运转，至油温平衡为止。对齿轮减速器，要求油池温升不超过35oC,轴承温升不超过40oC；对蜗杆减速器，要求油池温升不超过60oC,轴承温升不超过50oC；　
    3.全部试验过程中，要求运转平稳，噪声小，联接固定处不松动，各密封、结合处不
六、包装和运输要求　
    1.外伸轴及其附件应涂油包装；　
    2.搬运、起吊时不得使用吊环螺钉及吊耳以上技术要求不一定全部列出，有时还需另增项目，主要由设计的具体要求而定。
七、技术要求　
    1.装配前，所有零件用煤油清洗，滚动轴承用汽油清洗，不许有任何杂物存在。内壁涂上不被机油腐蚀的涂料两次；　
    2.啮合侧隙用铅丝检验不小于0.16mm，铅丝不得大于最小侧隙的4倍；　
    3.用涂色法检验斑点。按齿高接触点不小于40%；按齿长接触斑点不小于50%。必要时可用研磨或刮后研磨以便改善接触情况；　
    4.应调整轴承轴向间隙：φ40为0.05--0.1mm,φ55为0.08--0.15mm;　
    5.检验减速器剖分面、各接触面及密封处，均不许漏油。剖分面允许涂以密封油漆或水玻璃，不允许使用任何填料；　
    6.机座内装N100润滑油至规定高度。
八、下面我介绍我国减速器的发展现状
（一）、国内的减速器多以齿轮传动、蜗杆传动为主，但普遍存在着功率与重量比小，或者传动比大而机械效率过低的问题。另外，材料品质和工艺水平上还有许多弱点，特别是大型的减速器问题更突出，使用寿命不长。国内使用的大型减速器（500kw以上），多从国外（如丹麦、德国等）进口。60年代开始生产的少齿差传动、摆线针轮传动、谐波传动等减速器具有传动比大，体积小、机械效率高等优点?。但受其传动的理论的限制，不能传递过大的功率，功率一般都要小于40kw。由于在传动的理论上、工艺水平和材料品质方面没有突破，因此，没能从根本上解决传递功率大、传动比大、体积小、重量轻、机械效率高等这些基本要求。90年代初期，国内出现的三环（齿轮）减速器，是一种外平动齿轮传动的减速器，它可实现较大的传动比，传递载荷的能力也大。它的体积和重量都比定轴齿轮减速器轻，结构简单，效率亦高。由于该减速器的三轴平行结构，故使功率/体积（或重量）比值仍小。且其输入轴与输出轴不在同一轴线上，这在使用上有许多不便。北京理工大学研制成功的"内平动齿轮减速器"不仅具有三环减速器的优点外，还有着大的功率/重量（或体积）比值，以及输入轴和输出轴在同一轴线上的优点，处于国内领先地位。国内有少数高等学校和厂矿企业对平动齿轮传动中的某些原理做些研究工作，发表过一些研究论文，在利用摆线齿轮作平动减速器开展了一些工作。
（二）、平动齿轮减速器工作原理简介,平动齿轮减速器是指一对齿轮传动中，一个齿轮在平动发生器的驱动下作平面平行运动，通过齿廓间的啮合，驱动另一个齿轮作定轴减速转动，实现减速传动的作用。平动发生器可采用平行四边形机构，或正弦机构或十字滑块机构。本成果采用平行四边形机构作为平动发生器。平动发生器可以是虚拟的采用平行四边形机构，也可以是实体的采用平行四边形机构。有实用价值的平动齿轮机构为内啮合齿轮机构，因此又可以分为内齿轮作平动运动和外齿轮作平动运动两种情况。外平动齿轮减速器构，其内齿轮作平动运动，驱动外齿轮并作减速转动输出。该机构亦称三环（齿轮）减速器。由于内齿轮作平动，两曲柄中心设置在内齿轮的齿圈外部，故其尺寸不紧凑，不能解决体积较大的问题。内平动齿轮减速，其外齿轮作平动运动，驱动内齿轮作减速转动输出。由于外齿轮作平动，两曲柄中心能设置在外齿轮的齿圈内部，大大减少了机构整体尺寸。由于内平动齿轮机构传动效率高、体积小、输入输出同轴线，故由广泛的应用前景。
（三）、本项目的技术特点与关键技术
 1.本项目的技术特点,本新型的"内平动齿轮减速器"与国内外已有的齿轮减速器相比较，有如下特点：
（1）传动比范围大，自I=10起，最大可达几千。若制作成大传动比的减速器，则更显示出本减速器的优点。
（2）传递功率范围大：并可与电动机联成一体制造。
（3）结构简单、体积小、重量轻。比现有的齿轮减速器减少1/3左右。
（4）机械效率高。啮合效率大于95%，整机效率在85%以上，且减速器的效率将不随传动比的增大而降低，这是别的许多减速器所不及的。
（5）本减速器的输入轴和输出轴是在同一轴线上。本减速器与其它减速器的性能比较见表1。因缺少数据，表中所列的各减速器的功率/重量比是最优越的。各类减速器比较 型号 功率（kw） 减速比 质量（kg） QI-450 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW(德国) 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 注：NP-100为内平动齿轮减速器，SEW减速器的质量含电机。2.本项目的关键技术。由图2可知，"内平动齿轮减速器"是由内齿轮Z2、外齿轮Z1和平行四边形机构组合而成的。它的传动原理是：电机输入旋转运动，外齿轮作平行移动，其圆心的运动轨迹是一个圆，与之啮合的内齿轮则作定轴转动。因为外齿轮作平行移动，所以称谓平动齿轮机构。齿轮的平行移动需要有辅助机构帮助实现的，可采用（6~12副）销轴、滚子作为虚拟辅助平动机构，也可以采用偏心轴作为实体辅助平动机构。内平动齿轮减速器的关键技术和关键工艺是组成平行四边形构件的尺寸计算及其要求的加工精度、轮齿主要参数的选择。这些因数都将影响传动的能力和传动的质量。总的说，组成本减速器的各零部件都要求有较高的精度，它们将决定着减速器的整体传动质量。3.本项目的概况本项目已获得中国实用新型专利，专利号：ZL95227767.0。本项目自1995年试制出第一台样机（功率2.5kW，传动比I=32）后，陆续与一些厂矿合作，设计了下面几种不同功率、不同传动比的减速器。
（1）电动推拉门用减速器，功率550W，传动比I=26，与电机连成一体。
（2）搅拌机用减速器，功率370W，传动比I=17。
（3）某军品用的两种减速器，一种功率370W，传动比I=23.5；另一种功率370W，传动比I=103的二级传动减速器。
（4）钢厂大包回转台减速器，功率7.5kw，传动比I=64。
（5）钢厂辊道减速器，功率7.5kw，传动I=11。在本专利的基础上，已研制出一种新型超大型减速器，功率可达1000kw，目前正在研制超小型（外型尺寸为毫米级）的微型减速器。

 
Mineral product monorail reduction gear synopsis
First:what is reducer
Reducer is a dynamic communication agencies, the use of gear speed converters, motor rotational speed reducer to the Rotary to be few, and have greater torque institutions.

The reducer role
1) velocity at the same time increase the output torque, torque output ratio by motor output by slowdown, but the attention should be paid to exceed the rated torque reducer.
2) the speed at the same time reduce the inertia load, the inertia of deceleration than reduced to the square. We can look at the General Motors has a value of inertia.

The type of reducer
General helical gear reducer has reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, a worm reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, Cycloid reducer, a worm reducer, a planetary friction CVT mechanical machines.

Common reducer
1) worm reducer is the main characteristics of a reverse self-locking function, can be larger than a slowdown, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.
2) Harmonic Harmonic Drive reducer is controllable using flexible components to transfer elastic deformation and dynamic movement, not volume, high precision, but the disadvantage is that flexible wheel limited life, impatient shocks, rigidity and pieces of metal relatively poor. Not too high speed input.
3) planetary reducer its comparative advantage is compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, and have a long life span rated output torque can be done great. However, a price slightly expensive, the requirements of parts before assembly
1. Rolling cleaning with gasoline, kerosene other parts cleaning. All parts and Xiangbenna not allowed to have any impurities exist. Gear box and the inner wall (Worm), unprocessed surface has not been coated twice erosion-resistant oil paint, box has the outer surface coated primer and paint color (color requested by host).
2. Parts coated with a face wash after lubricants
  
Second, the requirements of installation and adjustment
1. Rolling installation Rolling bearing inner ring should be installed at the shaft shoulder close to gap must not pass 0.05 mm thick Cypriot feet. 2. Bearing axial clearance of the clearance can not be adjusted bearings (such as deep groove ball bearings), axial clearance of 0.25 to 0.4 mm; the clearance adjustable bearing axial clearance numerical table. Click Tapered Roller Bearings axial clearance; angular contact ball bearing axial clearance
3. Gear (Worm) meshing tooth space available Cypriot side foot of lead or pressure. Will be lead wire on the alveolar, and then turning gear and squash lead wire, measuring two teeth side was crushed lead wire thickness and the size of which is adjacent teeth.
4. Tooth contact dot cylinder gear tooth contact Dot 2-10-4; bevel gear tooth contact Dot 2-11-4; Gearing contact Dot 2-12-4
  
Third, seal requirements
1. Box partition between the surface does not allow any pads filled, but can be coated or water glass sealant to ensure that the seal;
2. Assembly, the bolt tightening box, before using 0.05 mm Cypriot-foot inspection Covers Block with me and between the sealing surface;
3. Shaft seal should stretch to smear grease. The seal should be installed in strict accordance with the requirements
  
Forth, lubrication requirements
1. Rationally determine the types of lubricants and greases and grades
2. Bearing lubrication fat, grease filled in the general Fatliquor space can be 1 / 2 to 2 / 3.
3. Lubricants should be regularly replaced, the new reducer used for the first time, the operation of oil-7 ~ 14 days, according to the situation can be after every 3 to 6 months for first oil.
  
Fifth, the test requirements
1. Empty operation: at rated speed is, anti-running 1 to 2 hours;
2. Load test: at rated speed, rated load operation, the oil temperature balance to date. On the gear reducer, requested the pool temperature is not more than 35 oC, bearing temperature rise no more than 40 oC; the worm reducer, requested the pool temperature not more than 60 oC, bearing temperature of not more than 50 oC;
3. Entire testing process for the smooth operation, noise, not loosening the fixed link, sealed, not with the
  
Sixth, packaging and transportation requirements
1. Protruding shaft and its annex should Oiler packaging;
2. Handling, lifting may not use screw rings and lug all of the above technical requirements are not necessarily listed, and sometimes also by other projects, mainly by the specific design requirements.
  
Seventh. Technical requirements
1. Assembly, all parts cleaning with kerosene, gasoline Rolling cleansing, while the existence of any debris. Oil is not painted wall corrosion coatings twice;
2. Backlash with lead wire mesh test of not less than 0.16 mm, lead wire Backlash may not exceed the smallest of the four times;
3. Used Tu-color dot test. Tooth high point of contact by not less than 40% of contact spots on teeth not less than 50 per cent. Can be used when necessary, grinding or scraping after grinding to improve contacts;
4. Bearing axial clearance should be adjusted: φ40 0.05 - 0.1 mm, φ55 0.08 - 0.15 mm;
5. Test reducer subdivision surface, the contact surface and seal, oil spills are not allowed. Split-Tu allowed to paint or water glass seal and allow the use of any filler;
6. Engine lubricants to the contents N100 provisions height;

Below I introduce our country reduction gear the development present situation
   
First, the domestic reduction gear many by the gear drive, the worm drive primarily, but has the power and the load ratio generally is small, or velocity ratio great and mechanical efficiency excessively low question.Moreover, in the material quality and the technological level also has many weakness, the large-scale reduction gear question is specially more prominent, the service life is not long.The domestic use large-scale reduction gear (above 500kw), many from overseas (for example Denmark, Germany and so on) imports The 60's start few tooth reduction gears and so on difference transmission, cycloid pin gear transmission, overtone transmission which produces has the velocity ratio to be big, volume small, mechanical efficiency higher merit? .But its transmission theory limit, cannot transmit the oversized power, the power all must be smaller than generally 40kw. Because in the transmission theoretically, the technological level and the material quality aspect has not broken through, therefore, has not been able fundamentally to solve the transmission power in a big way, the velocity ratio big, the volume small, the weight light, mechanical efficiency higher these requests basically.The 90's initial period, the home appears three links (gear) the reduction gear, is one kind of outside stable motion gear drive reduction gear, it may realize the great velocity ratio, transmission load ability is also big. Its volume and the weight are all lighter than the dead axle speed reducer gear, the structure is simple, the efficiency is also high.Because this reduction gear three axle parallel structure, therefore caused the power/volume (or weight) the ratio is still small.Also its input axis and the output shaft on the identical spool thread, this do not have in the use many inconveniently. Not only Beijing Institute of Technology develops in successful " stable motion speed reducer gear " to have outside three link reduction gear merit, but also has the big power/weight (or volume) the ratio, as well as the input axis and the output shaft on identical spool thread merit, is at the domestic leading position.The home has the minority college and the factory and mining enterprise does the research work to in stable motion gear drive certain principles, has published some research paper, in has done some work using the cycloidal tooth crop rotation stable motion reduction gear.

Second, the stable motion speed reducer gear principle of work synopsis, the stable motion speed reducer gear is refers to in a counter gear transmission, a gear in the stable motion generator actuation mean plane parallel motion, meshing through tooth profile between, actuates another tooth crop rotation dead axle to decelerate the rotation, the realization reduction gear function.The stable motion generator may use the parallelogram organization, either sine organization or cross slide organization.This achievement uses the parallelogram organization to take the stable motion generator. The stable motion generator may be the hypothesized use parallelogram organization, also may be the entity use parallelogram organization.Has the practical value stable motion gear mechanism for in counter gear organization, therefore may divide into the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement and the external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement two kind of situations.Outside the stable motion gear reduction organization, its internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuates the external gear and makes the deceleration rotation output.This organization also calls three links (gear) the reduction gear. As a result of the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers establish outside the annular gear tooth ring, therefore its size is not compact, cannot solve the volume major problem.? In stable motion gear reduction, its external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuation internal tooth crop rotation deceleration rotation output.As a result of the external tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers can establish in the external gear tooth ring, reduced the organization overall size greatly. Because in stable motion gear mechanism transmission efficiency high, volume small, input output coaxial line, therefore by widespread application prospect.

Third, this project technical characteristic and key technologies? 1. this project technical characteristics, in this new " stable motion speed reducer gear " and domestic and foreign had the speed reducer gear compares, has the following characteristic: (1) velocity ratio scope is big, gets up from I=10, may reach most greatly several thousand.If manufactures the great velocity ratio the reduction gear, then demonstrates this reduction gear the merit.(2) transmission power scope is big: And may connect a body manufacture with the electric motor. (3) structure simple, the volume small, the weight is light.Reduces about 1/3 compared to the existing speed reducer gear.(4) mechanical efficiency is high.95 (5) this reduction gear input axis and the output shaft are on the identical spool thread.This reduction gear see Table 1 with other reduction gear performance comparison. Because lacks the data, various reduction gears power/load ratio which in the table arranges in order is most superior.? Table 1? Each kind of reduction gear comparison model power (kw) reduction gear ratio quality (kg) QI-450? 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250? 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW (Germany)? 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 Note: NP-100 is in the stable motion speed reducer gear, the SEW reduction gear quality contains the electrical machinery.2. this project key technologies? May know by Figure 2, in “stable motion speed reducer gear " is by annular gear Z2, external gear Z1 and the parallelogram organization combination becomes.Its transmission principle is: The electrical machinery input rotary motion, the external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, its center of circle path is a circle, makes the dead axle rotation with it meshing annular gear. Because external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, therefore name stable motion gear mechanism.The gear parallel migration needs to have the auxiliary body help realization, may use (6~12) to sell the axis, the roller takes the hypothesized auxiliary stable motion organization, also may use the eccentric shaft to take the entity auxiliary stable motion organization.In the stable motion speed reducer gear key technologies and the essential craft are the composition parallelogram component size computation and the request processing precision, the gear teeth main parameter choice. These factors will all affect the transmission ability and the transmission quality.Overall speaking, the group cost reduction gear various spare parts all request to have the high precision, they will be deciding the reduction gear overall transmis3. this project survey this project has obtained the Chinese practical new patent, the patent number: ZL95227767.0? .? This project trial produced the first prototype from 1995 (power 2.5kW, after velocity ratio I=32), with some factory and mine cooperation, has one after another designed following several kind of different powers, the different velocity ratio reduction gear.(1) electrically operated on rollers gate uses the reduction gear, power 550W, velocity ratio I=26, is united as one body with the electrical machinery.sion quality. (2) mixer uses the reduction gear, power 370W, velocity ratio I=17.(3) some military goods use two kind of reduction gears, one kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=23.5; Another kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=103 two level of transmission reduction gear.(4) steel mill large package rotary abutment reduction gear, power 7.5kw, velocity ratio I=64.(5) steel mill table reduction gear, power 7.5kw, transmission I=11. In this patent foundation, has developed one kind of new ultra-large reduction gear, the power may reach 1000kw, at present is developing subminiature (outlook size for a millimeter level) miniature reduction gear.

Graduation design task
First, a design
Monorail Driver Design reducer

Second, the design of the original data
1 Monorail drive reducer Power Rating: 7.5 KW;
2 Monorail reducer drive the total transmission ratio: 15 around;
3 Monorail reducer drive car driven by the side of the output shaft from the race distance of not more than 200 mm;
4 Monorail reducer drive the total length of less than 420 mm, the width is not more than 450 mm and the total height of not more than 690 mm;

Third, the equipment and the working environment
This can be used to mine underground, open-air, dust, humidity, air quality, bad comparison bad work environment, and the operational requirements of a safe space.

Fourth, the design requirements
To meet the application requirements under the premise that the minimum cost of manufacturing.
From the following aspects considered;
(L) to streamline the shape of each parts, machinery simple structure;
    (2) merge the functions of spare parts, reducing the types or quantities of spare parts;
    (3) Application of the new structure, new technology, new materials, product reliability;
    (4) decomposition components, its assembly, the assembly of the most simple structure;
    (5) similar to parts of the division;
    (6) standards for similar products by product serial number sequence analysis;
    (7) The realization of the common parts of the product and standardization.
    (8) assembly equipment design a map (0), the Six Parts (3), the design specification of a (not less than 30,000 words), and the design of technical and economic analysis.