年产1万吨生物柴油加热器设计

　　　　　　学          院：     环境与化学工程学院    
　　　　　　专 业 、班  级：    过程装备与控制工程092班
　　　　　　学  生  姓  名：                      
　　　　　　指导教师（职称）：              
　　　　　　完  成  日  期：      2013年5月20日      
　　　　　　

年产1万吨生物柴油加热器设计

总计：毕业论文：23页
      表    格：2个
      插    图：4幅

                                                指导老师：于驰   
                                              评阅人：       
                                  完成日期：      

摘要
　　　冷却器是一种实现物料之间热量传递的设备，在过程工业中，合理而有效地利用热（冷）量十分重要。为了实践工艺物料间的热量传递，人们常采用各种类型的换热器，它是化工、炼油、动力、食品、冶金、制药等诸多行业部门广泛应用的一种工艺设备。对于迅速发展的化工、石化行业，冷却器尤为重要。目前,在换热设备中,使用量最大的是管壳式冷却器,尤其在高温、高压和大型换热设备中占有绝对优势。一般来讲,管壳式冷却器具有易于加工制造、成本低、可靠性高,且能适应高温高压的特点。随着新型高效传热管的不断出现,使得管壳式冷却器的应用范围得以不断扩大,更增添了管壳式冷却器的生命力。如何根据不同的生产工艺条件设计出投资省、能耗低、传热效率高、维修方便的换热器,是工艺设计人员重要的工作,也是化工类专业学生必修的课程设计项目之一。冷却器的工艺设计主要包括传热和阻力计算两个方面。由于冷却器的设计方法比较烦杂,且需要迭代计算,故借助于日益普及的计算机软件进行优化设计则可以极大地提高工作效率。在讨论热管换热器的设计过程中，主要针对其热力计算、设备结构计算、元件参数的选择做了一个合理构建，并结合实际情况设计出了空气预热热管式冷却器基本模型。
    列管式换热器又称为管壳式换热器，是最典型的间壁式换热器，历史悠久，占据主导作用，主要有壳体、管束、管板、折流挡板和封头等组成。一种流体在关内流动，其行程称为管程；另一种流体在管外流动，其行程称为壳程。管束的壁面即为传热面。
    其主要优点是单位体积所具有的传热面积大，传热效果好，结构坚固，可选用的结构材料范围宽广，操作弹性大，因此在高温、高压和大型装置上多采用列管式换热器。为提高壳程流体流速，往往在壳体内安装一定数目与管束相互垂直的折流挡板。折流挡板不仅可防止流体短路、增加流体流速，还迫使流体按规定路径多次错流通过管束，使湍流程度大为增加。
　　　列管式换热器中，由于两流体的温度不同，使管束和壳体的温度也不相同，因此它们的热膨胀程度也有差别。若两流体温差较大（50℃以上）时，就可能由于热应力而引起设备的变形，甚至弯曲或破裂，因此必须考虑这种热膨胀的影响。
　　　
关键词：管壳式冷却器；结构参数；设计计算

Abstract
Heat exchanger is a kind of realization between material of heat transfer equipment, in the process industry, reasonable and effective use of hot (cold) quantity is very important. In order to practice process between the material of heat transfer, people often use various types of heat exchanger, it is chemical industry, oil refining, power, food, metallurgy, pharmacy, and many other industry sectors widely used a process equipment. For the rapid development of chemical industry, petrochemical industry, heat exchanger is particularly important. At present, in the heat exchange equipment, use the largest is the tube shell heat exchanger, especially in high temperature and high pressure and large heat exchange equipment has an absolute advantage. Generally speaking, tube shell heat exchanger which is easy to manufacture, low cost, high reliability, and can adapt to the characteristics of high temperature and high pressure. Along with the new high efficiency heat transfer of appear constantly, making the tube shell heat exchanger application scope to expand, and add more tube shell heat exchanger vitality. According to the different production conditions to design the saving investment, low energy consumption, high heat transfer efficiency, convenient maintenance of the heat exchanger, Heat exchanger process design mainly includes heat transfer and resistance calculation two aspects. Due to the design method of heat exchanger is complex, and need the iterative calculation, so with the help of the increasing popularity of computer software to optimize design can greatly improve work efficiency. In the discussion of the heat pipe heat exchanger design process, mainly in view of its thermodynamic calculation, equipment structure calculation, element parameter choice made a reasonable construction, and connecting with the actual situation to design the air preheat the basic model of heat pipe heat exchanger.
Shell and tube heat exchanger is also known as tube shell heat exchanger, is the most typical recuperative heat exchanger, has a long history, occupy the leading role, basically have shell and tube bundle, tube plate, baffle board and seal the first component. A kind of fluid flow in the beginning, the stroke called tube side; Another kind of fluid in the tube outer flow, the stroke called shell side. Vascular wall is the heat transfer surface.
Its main advantage is the unit volume is the heat transfer area is big, the heat transfer effect is good, firm structure, can choose the structure of the wide range of materials, large elasticity of operation, so in high temperature and high pressure and large device on the shell and tube heat exchanger. In order to improve the shell side fluid velocity, often in the shell installed within a certain number and bundle mutual vertical baffle board. Baffle board not only can prevent fluid short circuit, increase fluid velocity and force fluid path according to regulations many wrong circulation, make a bundle of turbulence increase greatly.
Shell and tube heat exchanger, the two fluid temperature is different, make over and shell temperature is different, so their thermal expansion degree also have difference. If two fluid temperature difference is bigger (fifty ℃ above), it may be due to thermal stress caused by the deformation of the equipment, and even bend or break, therefore must consider the influence of the thermal expansion.

Key words：Heat transfer equipment；Structure parameters；Design calculation

目录
1绪论 2
1.1. 研究课题的背景及意义 2
1.2. 列管式换热器的种类 2
1.2.1   固定管板式换热器 2
1.2.2   浮头式换热器 3
1.2.3   填料函式换热器 3
1.2.4   U型管式换热器 3
2 设计方案 3
2.1 换热器类型的选择 3
2.2 流动空间的选择 4
2.3 流体流速的选择 4
3 传热设备的设计预算与核算 4
3.1 确定物性数据 5
3.2 计算工艺结构尺寸 6
3.2.1管径和管内流速 6
3.2.2 管程数和传热管数 6
3.2.3 平均传热温差校正及壳程数 7
3.2.4 传热管排列和分程方法 7
3.2.5 壳体内径 7
3.2.6 折流板 7
3.2.7接管 8
3.3 换热器核算 8
3.3.1热量核算 8
3.3.2换热器内流体的流动阻力 10
3.4 制图 13
4 换热器的设计要求 13
4.1 管子材料 13
4.2 管子排列 14
4.3 管板 14
4.4 封头和管箱 14
5 机械设计 15
5.1 已知条件 15
5.2 计算 15
6 全文总结及展望 19
6.1 全文总结 19
6.2 展望 20
设计心得 20
参考文献 21
致谢 21