中文摘要
聚氯乙烯(简称PVC)是五大通用合成树脂之一，世界产量和消费量仅次于聚乙烯和聚丙烯，位居第三位。PVC树脂由于具有良好的物理性能和化学性能、优异的柔韧性和机械性能，在加工过程中加入添加剂或采用适当的工艺和设备适宜生产出各种塑料制品，包括板材、管材管件、异型材等硬制品以及薄膜、人造革、塑料鞋、电缆料、泡沫材料等软制品，被广泛用于工业、建筑、农业、日用生活、包装、电力、公用事业等领域。
氯乙烯是聚氯乙烯（PVC）的单体，也是生产聚氯乙烯的主要原料。随着聚氯乙烯消费量的增长，市场上对氯乙烯的需求也会必然有所增长。http://www.16sheji8.cn/
我国于五十年代开始研究和生产氯乙烯，到目前为止，我国制造氯乙烯的生产厂家有20多家，但是我国现有装置的总生产能力仍然不能满足快速增长的市场需要。因此以氯乙烯为原料的产品在市场上前景广阔，生产氯乙烯相关产品可以获得可观的经济效益。
本设计是对沈阳化工集团的氯乙烯单体生产线进行扩产改造，采用电石乙炔法设计一个生产能力为年产4万吨氯乙烯单体的生产设计任务。设计中简要介绍了氯乙烯的性质、各种生产方法及工艺前景等，详细地论述了氯乙烯单体的合成及制备过程，对氯乙烯单体合成工段的反应器、换热器、吸收塔、精馏塔等主要设备进行了物料计算、热量计算、设备计算，特别是对物料和设备进行了精确的计算。对反应器1 ，反应器2，高沸塔，低沸塔等进行了热量和设备计算。在计算过程中严格遵守现场和经验数据，力求计算过程正确，数据精确，结果准确。另外，在非工艺部分还对生产安全，节能降耗，以及环境保护做了具体要求。
同时设计中运用计算机作了辅助计算，编写了物料衡算程序，并利用AutoCAD画出工艺流程图和主要设备图。
关键词：聚氯乙烯 氯乙烯单体 生产工艺
Abstract
The polyvinyl-chloride (i.e. PVC) is one of five big general synthetic resins, its production and the consumption in the world are only inferior to the polyethylene and the polypropylene, ranked third. Because the PVC resin has the good physical properties and chemistry properties, the excellent flexibility and the mechanical properties, if we joins the chemical additive in the processing process or uses the suitable craft and equipment ,we kan product various plastic products, including the hard product such as the plate, the tube fitting, the different molding and so on ,as well as the soft product such as the thin film, the imitation leather, the plastic shoes, the cable material, the foam and so on, widely used in industry, building, agriculture, daily life, packing, power, public utilities and other fields.http://www.16sheji8.cn/
The chloroethylene is the monomer of polyvinyl-chloride (PVC), also is the main raw material producing the polyvinyl-chloride.Along with the polyvinyl-chloride consumption growth, the market demand for chloroethylene will inevitably increase,too.
Our country started to study and produce the chloroethylene in the 50's, so far, the factory making the chloroethylene in our country have more than 20, but the existing total productivity in our country still could not satisfy the fast growth of the market needs. Therefore the prospect of the products taking the chloroethylene as raw material in the market is broad, and producting the production correlated with thechloroethylene may obtain the considerable economic efficiency.
This design is carries on to the Shenyang chemical industry group's chloroethylene monomer production line expands produces the transformation, uses the calcium carbide acetylene method to design a production design duty that the productivity is produce 40,000 ton chloroethylene monomers every year. In the design we introduces briefly the nature of chloroethylene, each production method and the craft prospect and so on, and elaborated the chloroethylene monomer synthesis and the production process in detail, To the main equipment in the chloroethylene monomer synthesis stage, such as the section's reactor, the heat interchanger, the absorption tower, the rectifying tower and so on, we has carried on the material calculation, the heat calculation, the equipment calculation, specially has carried on the precise calculation to the material and the equipment.To the reactor 1, the reactor 2, Gao Feita, boiled the tower and so on ,we has carried on the heat calculation and the equipment calculation.Observes the scene and the empirical data strictly in the computation process, the endeavour calculation process is correct, the data is precise, the result is accurate. Moreover, in the non-craft part we also has made the specific requests for the production safety, the energy conservation falls consumes, as well as the environmental protection.
Simultaneously in the designed we has made the assistance calculation using the computer, has compiled the procedure for rial balance, and drew the flow chart and the main equipment drawing using AutoCAD.http://www.16sheji8.cn/
Key word: Polyvinyl-chloride chloroethylene monomer production craft
目录
1、氯乙烯生产工艺技术…………………………………………………01
1.1氯乙烯概述……………………………………………………………01
1.1.1氯乙烯的性质……………………………………………………01
1.1.2氯乙烯的地位……………………………………………………01
1.1.3氯乙烯的生产方法………………………………………………01
1.1.4氯乙烯的生产前景………………………………………………04
1.2氯乙烯生产的工艺流程………………………………………………05
1.2.1工艺流程简述……………………………………………………05
1.2.2工艺控制一览表…………………………………………………08
1.3氯乙烯生产的装置设备………………………………………………09
1.3．1生产设备一览表…………………………………………………09
２、氯乙烯的工艺计算……………………………………………………11
2.1氯乙烯生产的物料衡算………………………………………………11
2.1.1氯乙烯生产的设计要求…………………………………………11
2.1.2混合器的物料衡算………………………………………………12
2.1.3石墨冷却器的物料衡算…………………………………………13
2.1.4第一组反应器物料衡算…………………………………………15
2.1.5第二组反应器物料衡算…………………………………………16
2.1.6水洗塔物料衡算…………………………………………………16
2.1.7碱洗塔物料衡算…………………………………………………18
2.1.8机前冷却器物料衡算……………………………………………19
2.1.9机后冷却器物料衡算……………………………………………20
2.1.10，全凝器物料衡算………………………………………………20
2.1.11，尾凝器物料衡算………………………………………………21
2.1.12低沸塔，高沸塔…………………………………………………21
2.1.13，物料衡算结果…………………………………………………22
2.2氯乙烯生产的热量衡算………………………………………………31
2.2.1反应器热量衡算…………………………………………………31
2.3设备计算………………………………………………………………34
2.3.1高沸塔（浮阀塔）………………………………………………34
（1）物料衡算各组分挥发度………………………………………34
（2）塔板工艺尺寸计算……………………………………………35
（3）塔板流体力学计算……………………………………………40
（4）雾沫夹带………………………………………………………41
（5）液体在降液管内停留时间……………………………………42
（6）严重漏液核算…………………………………………………42
（7）塔板性能负荷图………………………………………………42
３、非工艺部分……………………………………………………………46
3.1三废处理及节能降耗…………………………………………………46
3.1.1废气处理…………………………………………………………46
3.1.2废水处理…………………………………………………………46
3.1.3固废处理…………………………………………………………47
3.1.4噪声处理…………………………………………………………48
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1 氯乙烯工艺技术概述
1.1 概述
1.1.1 性质
氯乙烯单体作为重要的化工原料其理化性质如下：
略呈芳香气味的无色气体。分子式C2-H3-Cl。分子量62.50。相对密度0.9106(20/4℃)。凝固点-159.7℃。沸点-13.37℃。闪点-78℃。自燃点472℃。蒸气密度2.15。蒸气压346.58kPa(2600mmHg25℃)。蒸气与空气混合物爆炸限3.6～31% 。微溶于水; 溶于乙醇、乙醚、四氯化碳、苯。遇热、明火、氧化剂易燃烧爆炸。其热分解产物有氯化氢、光气、一氧化碳等。遇光或催化剂会发生聚合并放热。
表1-1 液体氯乙烯的密度
温度 ℃ 密度 g/ml 温度 ℃ 密度 g/ml
－12.96 0.9692 39.57 0.8733
1.32 0.9443 48.20 0.8555
13.49 0.9223 59.91 0.8310
28.11 0.8955
1.1.2 地位http://www.16sheji8.cn/
氯乙烯是制造聚氯乙烯（PVC）的单体。聚氯乙烯（PVC）是五大通用合成树脂之一，其消费量在合成树脂中仅次于聚乙烯居第2位。氯乙烯已发展成为重要的、大吨位的有机化工原料。
1.1.3 生产方法沿革
1835年法国人V.勒尼奥用氢氧化钾在乙醇溶液中处理二氯乙烷首先得到氯乙烯。20世纪30年代，德国格里斯海姆电子公司基于氯化氢与乙炔加成，首先实现了氯乙烯的工业生产。初期，氯乙烯采用电石，乙炔与氯化氢催化加成的方法生产，简称乙炔法。以后，随着石油化工的发展，氯乙烯的合成迅速转向以乙烯为原料的工艺路线。1940年，美国联合碳化物公司开发了二氯乙烷法。为了平衡氯气的利用，日本吴羽化学工业公司又开发了将乙炔法和二氯乙烷法联合生产氯乙烯的联合法。1960年，美国陶氏化学公司开发了乙烯经氧氯化合成氯乙烯的方法，并和二氯乙烷法配合，开发成以乙烯为原料生产氯乙烯的完整方法，此法得到了迅速发展。http://www.16sheji8.cn/
